压力（Stress）被定义为对感知到的体内平衡（homeostasis）威胁所作出的生理和心理反应，是临床人群中的一个常见特征，也是多种躯体和精神共病的驱动因素[1][2]。慢性压力暴露与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴失调、自主神经失衡及其对代谢、心血管和免疫系统的下游影响有关[3][4]。临床实践中有效的压力管理需要一种循证的、多模式的方法，整合评估、有针对性的心理社会干预、行为医学技术，以及在适当情况下的药理学策略[5][6]。
压力的临床评估应结合病史、经过验证的评定量表，并在有指征时结合生理测量：
阶梯式护理模型（stepped-care model）适用于大多数临床环境：初步筛查和低强度干预（教育、简短的基于 CBT 的技巧、运动处方），对于无反应者则升级为专科心理治疗、结构化的小组项目（MBSR）或药物治疗[5:1][15:1]。协作护理模型可提高初级保健中压力相关疾病的参与度和治疗效果[27]。
新兴研究侧重于多模态生物标志物（唾液皮质醇昼夜节律分布、HRV 分析、炎症特征），以对压力反应进行表型分析并预测治疗反应[3:3][10:2][30]。数字健康工具（生态瞬时评估、可穿戴 HRV 追踪器）能够实现真实世界的监测和个性化干预的实施；严格的验证研究正在进行中[31]。
研究重点包括压力亚型的精准表型分析、多模态生物标志物与临床数据的整合、循证心理疗法（数字或团体形式）的可扩展交付，以及针对高危人群的行为-药物联合策略试验[30:1][31:2]。
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