α-硫辛酸 (ALA),也称为硫辛酸 (thioctic acid),是一种天然存在的短链脂肪酸,作为线粒体能量产生的重要辅因子。与大多数其他抗氧化剂不同,ALA 兼具脂溶性和水溶性,因此赢得了“万能抗氧化剂”的绰号,因为它可以在不同的细胞环境中无缝运作并穿过血脑屏障 [1]。
虽然人体会合成少量的 ALA,但在临床上,补充剂量的 ALA 被用于控制糖尿病周围神经病变、改善胰岛素敏感性以及减轻全身性氧化应激 [2]。
α-硫辛酸有强有力的临床证据支持其在减轻与糖尿病周围神经病变相关的疼痛、灼热感和麻木感方面的功效。次要证据支持其对体重管理和血糖控制有轻微益处,但其半衰期短,如果不重复给药,限制了其作为全天全身性治疗药物的效用。
如果将 ALA 用于日常保健,鉴于其快速清除的特性,分次给药(例如,每天两次,每次 300 毫克)可能有助于维持更稳定的血液水平。由于它会与其他营养素竞争吸收,将其与膳食和矿物质补充剂(如铁或镁)分开服用可确保最大程度的吸收。
α-硫辛酸 (Alpha-Lipoic Acid) 通过几条交叉途径协调细胞防御和能量产生:
| 结局 | 证据等级 | 结果总结 |
|---|---|---|
| 糖尿病周围神经病变 | 高 | 多项随机临床试验证明,与安慰剂相比,每天 600 mg(通常先静脉注射,然后口服)可显著改善神经病变症状(疼痛、烧灼感、麻木)和神经传导速度。 [5:5] |
| 血糖控制 | 中 | 系统评价表明,补充 ALA 可显著降低空腹血糖并改善 HOMA-IR(胰岛素抵抗),特别是在患有代谢综合征或 2 型糖尿病的患者中。 [7] |
| 减轻体重 / 降低 BMI | 中 | 对安慰剂对照试验的荟萃分析表明,与安慰剂相比,补充 ALA 在体重和 BMI 方面有统计学意义上的显著降低,尽管临床意义较为有限。 [8] |
| 一般疼痛 / 特发性神经病变 | 低 | 一些证据表明,在非糖尿病受试者中,它可有效减轻病因不明的慢性疼痛,但仍需要更大规模、更长期的试验。 [9] |
α-硫辛酸在治疗剂量下具有极好的耐受性,大多数不良事件轻微且呈剂量依赖性 [4:1]。
ScienceDirect. Therapeutic applications of alpha-lipoic acid: A review of clinical and preclinical evidence (1998–2024). 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332225006742 ↩︎ ↩︎
Frontiers. The effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on blood pressure in adults. 2023. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1272837/full ↩︎
Health Canada. Summary Safety Review - Alpha Lipoic Acid - Assessing the Potential Risk of Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemic Episodes). https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medeffect-canada/safety-reviews/summary-safety-review-alpha-lipoic-acid-assessing-potential-risk-low-blood-sugar-hypoglycemic.html ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Safety Evaluation of α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Studies. 2020. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7603186/ ↩︎ ↩︎
Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Addressing the Challenges and Complexities Surrounding a 70-Year-Old Compound. 2023. https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/6/402 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. PubMed. 1997. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8958163/ ↩︎ ↩︎
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation effect on glycemic and inflammatory biomarkers: A Systematic Review and meta- analysis. PubMed. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31221283/ ↩︎
Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation significantly reduces the risk of obesity in an updated systematic review and dose response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. PubMed. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32091656/ ↩︎
Safety and efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid oral supplementation in the reduction of pain with unknown etiology: A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ScienceDirect. 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332221010921 ↩︎
Safety and Efficacy of Alpha Lipoic Acid During 4 Years of Observation: A Retrospective, Clinical Trial in Healthy Subjects in Primary Prevention. PubMed. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33299302/ ↩︎