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生产珍贵乳香树脂的 Boswellia serrata 树,在传统医学体系中已有 3000 多年的应用历史。
Boswellia serrata,通常被称为乳香(frankincense)或印度乳香(Indian frankincense),是一种原产于印度和阿拉伯半岛的产树脂树木,在传统医学体系中已有数百年的使用历史[1]。从 Boswellia 树中提取的胶状树脂含有强大的生物活性化合物,称为乳香酸(boswellic acids),特别是乙酰基-11-酮-β-乳香酸(AKBA),它们表现出有效的抗炎和抗关节炎特性[2]。现代临床研究已经证实了 Boswellia 的许多传统用途,特别是对于骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎和炎症性肠病等炎症性疾病[3]。

传统阿育吠陀医学将 Boswellia serrata(Shallaki)作为核心抗炎药物使用了数千年。
Boswellia serrata 在梵文中被称为“Shallaki”,3000 多年来一直是阿育吠陀医学的基石[4]。传统从业者使用这种树脂来治疗炎症性疾病、关节疾病、呼吸系统疾病和消化系统问题[5]。这种草药被认为对“Vata”疾病特别有效,在阿育吠陀术语中,这类疾病包括以疼痛、僵硬和炎症为特征的病症[6]。
除了药用价值外,在整个历史中,乳香树脂在宗教仪式和文化实践中也发挥了重要作用[7]。这种芳香树脂因其净化特性而备受推崇,通常在寺庙中和冥想练习期间燃烧,这些实践在今天的许多传统中仍在延续[8]。

乳香“泪滴”——含有具有强大抗炎作用的治疗性乳香酸的芳香树脂块。
齿叶乳香(Boswellia)的治疗效果主要归功于一组统称为乳香酸(boswellic acids)的五环三萜酸[9]。四种主要的乳香酸包括:
乳香酸通过多种分子途径发挥其抗炎作用:

5-脂氧合酶途径:乳香酸,特别是 AKBA,在分子水平上抑制这一关键的炎症级联反应。
AKBA 表现出对 5-脂氧合酶(5-LOX)的强效抑制作用,5-LOX 是白三烯生物合成途径中的关键酶[11]。这种抑制作用减少了促炎性白三烯的产生,而白三烯与包括哮喘、关节炎和炎症性肠病在内的各种炎症性疾病有关[12]。
乳香酸(Boswellic acids)抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB),这是炎症基因表达的主要调节因子[13]。这种下调会导致促炎细胞因子(包括 TNF-α、IL-1β 和 IL-6)的产生减少[14]。
研究表明,乳香酸可以抑制经典和替代补体途径,从而发挥其抗炎作用[15]。
多项随机对照试验调查了乳香(Boswellia)在骨关节炎管理中的疗效:
2019 年的一项系统评价分析了 7 项随机对照试验(RCT),涉及 545 名骨关节炎患者[16]。分析显示,与安慰剂相比,乳香提取物显著降低了疼痛评分并改善了身体功能,其效果与传统的非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)相当,但副作用更少[17]。

骨关节炎涉及慢性关节炎症 - 乳香的抗炎化合物有助于减轻疼痛并改善活动能力。
一项具有里程碑意义的双盲、安慰剂对照研究涉及 75 名膝骨关节炎患者,结果表明,每天服用 100mg 乳香提取物,持续 8 周,可带来以下效果:
一项为期6个月的开放标签扩展研究表明,持续补充 Boswellia 具有持久的益处,且没有产生耐受性的证据[19]。放射学评估表明其具有潜在的疾病改善作用,部分患者显示关节间隙狭窄减少[20]。
与硫酸氨基葡萄糖(一种标准的骨关节炎补充剂)相比,Boswellia 在一项头对头随机试验中表现出更优的疼痛缓解和功能改善效果[21]。Boswellia 和氨基葡萄糖的联合使用显示出叠加的益处,表明它们具有互补的作用机制[22]。
虽然相关研究较为有限,但初步研究表明 Boswellia 可能对类风湿性关节炎患者有益。一项小型随机试验显示,与安慰剂相比,其能显著减少关节肿胀和晨僵[23]。然而,需要更大规模的研究来确立其对该疾病的确切疗效[24]。
Boswellia 在控制炎症性肠病方面显示出良好的前景:
一项涉及102名溃疡性结肠炎患者的随机对照试验发现,乳香提取物(每次350毫克,每日三次)在诱导缓解方面与柳氮磺吡啶(sulfasalazine)一样有效,接受乳香治疗的患者中有82%实现了缓解,而使用柳氮磺吡啶的患者为75%[25]。
初步研究表明其对克罗恩病有潜在益处,尽管证据仅限于小型初步研究[26]。
乳香在呼吸系统疾病中的传统应用得到了一些科学支持。一项针对哮喘患者的临床试验显示,补充乳香可改善用力肺活量并减轻哮喘症状[27]。其对气道的抗炎作用被认为是通过抑制白三烯介导的[28]。
乳香通常具有良好的耐受性和安全性。大多数临床试验报告的不良反应极少,发生率与安慰剂相似[29]。最常报告的副作用包括轻度的胃肠道症状,如恶心、胃部不适和腹泻[30]。
大约 3-5% 的使用者可能会出现轻微的胃肠道(GI)症状,通常是短暂的且与剂量相关[31]。与食物同服 Boswellia 有助于减轻这些反应[32]。
已有罕见的皮疹和过敏反应的报道,特别是在已知对其他树脂类物质过敏的个体中[33]。
虽然通常认为对肝功能是安全的,但已有大剂量、长期使用导致肝酶升高的个别病例报道[34]。建议长期使用大剂量(每天 >1000mg)的患者监测肝功能[35]。
以下情况应慎用 Boswellia:
临床研究通常使用含有 30-65% 乳香酸的标准化乳香(Boswellia)提取物,其中 AKBA 含量在 3-10% 之间[37]。标准化对于在不同研究中保持一致的治疗效果和可重复的结果至关重要[38]。
根据临床证据,有效剂量因疾病而异:
单独服用时,乳香酸(Boswellic acids)的生物利用度相对较差。结合以下成分或技术的增强配方:
乳香(Boswellia)与非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)可能具有叠加的抗炎作用,从而有可能减少常规药物的剂量[43]。然而,这种联合用药应由医疗保健提供者进行监测,以避免过度免疫抑制[44]。
由于具有共同的抗炎途径,理论上存在与皮质类固醇相互作用的可能,尽管其临床意义尚不明确[45]。
乳香(Boswellia)可能具有轻微的抗凝特性,可能会增强以下药物的作用:
接受抗凝治疗的患者在开始补充乳香时,应监测其凝血指标[47]。
有限的证据表明,乳香可能会影响细胞色素 P450 酶的活性,特别是 CYP3A4 和 CYP2D6[48]。理论上,这可能会影响通过这些途径代谢的药物,尽管其临床意义似乎微乎其微[49]。
尽管临床证据支持乳香对骨关节炎的疗效,但仍存在显著的局限性:
临床试验在以下方面存在显著差异:
许多研究的样本量相对较小(通常为 50-100 名患者),限制了检测适度疗效或罕见不良事件的统计功效[51]。
大多数临床试验为相对短期的研究(8-12 周),提供的关于长期安全性和持续疗效的数据有限[52]。
市售 Boswellia 产品在以下方面存在显著差异:
这种变异性使得很难在不同研究之间比较结果,也很难将研究结果转化为使用市售产品的临床实践[54]。
尽管乳香酸(boswellic acids)的基本抗炎机制已被了解,但仍存在一些知识空白:
不同乳香酸之间的相互作用及其对治疗效果的相对贡献需要进一步研究[55]。
关于乳香酸在不同组织(特别是与骨关节炎相关的关节组织)中的分布和浓度的现有数据有限[56]。
虽然一些研究表明其具有潜在的改善病情(disease-modifying)作用,但仍缺乏确凿的证据证明乳香(Boswellia)能够改变骨关节炎或其他慢性疾病的进程[57]。
未来的研究重点包括:
深入研究应侧重于:
研究与以下各项的协同组合:
乳香(Boswellia)可能特别适用于:
推荐的临床监测包括:
齿叶乳香(Boswellia)应被视为一种补充疗法,可与以下方法整合:
齿叶乳香(Boswellia serrata)是一种经过充分研究的天然抗炎剂,有大量临床证据支持其在骨关节炎和其他炎症性疾病中的应用。其主要生物活性化合物乳香酸(boswellic acids)通过多种机制(包括抑制 5-脂氧合酶和调节 NF-κB)展现出强大的抗炎作用。临床试验一致表明,骨关节炎患者在疼痛、僵硬和身体功能方面有显著改善,其益处与传统非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)相当,但安全性更高。
尽管针对骨关节炎的证据很充分,但在最佳剂量、长期安全性以及对其他炎症性疾病的疗效方面仍存在研究空白。商业产品的异质性给临床转化带来了挑战,这突显了使用经过验证的乳香酸含量的标准化提取物的重要性。未来的大规模研究和机制探讨将进一步阐明齿叶乳香的治疗潜力和最佳临床应用。
对于寻求炎症性疾病(尤其是骨关节炎)天然替代疗法的患者而言,齿叶乳香提供了一种充满前景的循证选择,将传统智慧与现代科学验证结合起来。然而,与任何治疗干预一样,个体化评估和适当的医疗监督对于实现最佳疗效和安全性仍然至关重要。
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Liu X, Machado GC, Eyles JP, Ravi V, Hunter DJ. Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):167-175. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/52/3/167.long ↩︎
Cameron M, Chrubasik S. Topical herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD010538. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010538/full ↩︎
Pang J, Li Q, Zhang S, He M. The combination therapy of Boswellia serrata and other herbal medicines for the treatment of osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(51):e28436. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8714996/ ↩︎
Kimmatkar N, Thawani V, Hingorani L, Khiyani R. Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(1):3-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711302700267 ↩︎
Sengupta K, Alluri KV, Satish AR, et al. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study of the efficacy and safety of 5-Loxin for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(4):R85. https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar2461 ↩︎