银杏叶(Ginkgo biloba)是全球研究最广泛的植物药之一,提取自古老的银杏树叶。虽然普通的银杏提取物在临床试验中表现出极不一致的结果,但本文专门关注被称为 EGb 761 的高度标准化专利提取物。这种特定的配方占据了绝大多数积极的临床数据,其经过精心设计,能够提供精确数量的生物活性化合物,同时主动去除天然植物毒素。
EGb 761 的主要活性成分是黄酮苷(flavone glycosides,强效抗氧化剂)和萜类内酯(terpene lactones,可改善血液流变学并稳定线粒体)。
它对我有帮助吗? 对于寻求“无限”认知提升的年轻健康人群来说,相关证据很薄弱。然而,对于患有轻度认知障碍、伴有行为症状的痴呆症或正从急性缺血性脑卒中恢复的老年人,EGb 761 展现出了具有统计学意义和临床意义的恢复性益处。它在某些精神疾病(如精神分裂症和广泛性焦虑症)中也显示出作为辅助治疗的潜力。
总结: 当经过适当的标准化(如 EGb 761)时,银杏叶是一种有效且非常安全的干预措施,可用于稳定认知能力下降、改善中风后恢复和增强微循环。然而,对于未受损的大脑来说,它并不是一种可靠的认知增强剂。

EGb 761 最广泛验证的应用是治疗轻度神经认知障碍(轻度认知障碍或 MCI)和轻至中度痴呆症(包括阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆)。
与主要针对单一神经递质系统的药物乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂(acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)不同,EGb 761 提供了一种多靶点方法。一项涵盖 2,600 多名患者的具有里程碑意义的 2014 年荟萃分析表明,与安慰剂相比,每天 240 毫克的 EGb 761 可显著改善整体认知和日常生活活动 [1]。值得注意的是,该提取物对在认知能力下降的同时表现出神经精神症状(NPS,如激动、冷漠和焦虑)的患者特别有效 [1:1]。最近一项 2023 年的系统评价分析了 946 名 MCI 患者,发现在 9 项严格的试验中,有 8 项显示 EGb 761 显著优于安慰剂,特别是在改善记忆力、处理速度和执行功能方面 [2]。
新兴的一级证据强烈支持在缺血性卒中(ischemic stroke)发生后立即使用 EGb 761。一项 2023 年的多中心随机对照试验涉及 201 名患者,比较了标准卒中后护理与标准护理加上每天 240 毫克 EGb 761(持续 24 周)的效果。与对照组相比,接受银杏提取物的患者在蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)得分上表现出显著更大的改善 [3]。其机制归因于缺血半暗带(核心卒中区域周围可挽救的组织)微血管灌注的改善,以及减轻继发性脑损伤的强大抗炎作用 [4]。
除了神经病学之外,EGb 761 已被证明在氧化应激密切相关的精神科应用中具有价值。
银杏的血液流变学(血流)特性使其成为外周和眼部疾病的关注焦点。
EGb 761 的疗效源于两大类植物化学物质之间复杂的协同作用,它们通过不同但互补的生物学途径发挥作用:
| 结果 | 证据等级 | 方向 | 总结 | 引用 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 认知功能(痴呆/MCI) | 高 | 积极 | 强有力的荟萃分析表明,与安慰剂相比,EGb 761(240 毫克/天)显著改善了认知、日常功能和神经精神症状。 | [1:2], [2:1] |
| 缺血性中风恢复 | 中 | 积极 | 多中心随机对照试验(RCT)表明,中风后服用 240 毫克/天的 EGb 761 可显著改善认知恢复(MoCA 评分)。 | [3:1] |
| 精神分裂症(辅助) | 中 | 积极 | 系统评价显示,当与标准抗精神病药物一起使用时,总体症状和阴性症状有显著改善。 | [5:1] |
| 广泛性焦虑症 | 低 | 积极 | 来自一项大型、设计良好的 RCT 的证据表明,在 480 毫克和 240 毫克/天的剂量下,HAMA 焦虑评分显著降低。 | [7:1] |
| 间歇性跛行 | 中 | 混合 | 历史荟萃分析显示无痛步行距离有适度改善,但现代 Cochrane 评价发现,与运动相比,其临床效果微乎其微。 | [8:1], [9:1] |
| 正常眼压性青光眼 | 低 | 混合 | 小型试验显示通过增加眼部血流对视野有一定改善,但系统评价认为证据不足以作为标准推荐。 | [10:1], [12:1] |
| 耳鸣(原发性) | 低 | 中性 | 严格的系统评价表明,在治疗原发性耳鸣方面,任何有意义的临床益处的证据都很薄弱且不充分。 | [20] |
| 性功能障碍(SSRI 诱导) | 低 | 混合 | 较早的开放标签试验表明有益,但最近的系统评价发现,与安慰剂相比,证据不确定或薄弱。 | [21] |
EGb 761 最引人注目的方面之一是其安全性,在大型试验中通常与安慰剂相当 [1:3]。然而,这种安全性完全取决于提取物的标准化。
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