证据: 在代谢健康和身体机能方面具有强有力的临床前数据。人类 1b 期试验(CB4211 类似物)显示出安全性及对肝脏的益处。
安全性: 在有限的人类试验中通常耐受性良好。存在叶酸消耗的潜在理论风险。
作用: 运动模拟物。被 WADA(世界反兴奋剂机构)禁用(S4 类)。
MOTS-c(12S rRNA-c 线粒体开放阅读框)是一种由线粒体基因组编码的 16 氨基酸肽。与由核 DNA 编码的典型肽不同,MOTS-c 是一种 mitokine(线粒体因子)——一种源自线粒体的信号分子,与细胞核进行通讯以调节全身代谢。
MOTS-c 是最有前景的线粒体衍生肽(MDPs)之一,可用于应对“衰老标志”,特别是线粒体功能障碍(Mitochondrial Dysfunction)和营养感应失调(Deregulated Nutrient Sensing)。
MOTS-c 是葡萄糖和脂质代谢的强效调节剂。在研究模型中,它已被证明能够:
MOTS-c 是由运动自然诱导产生的。补充给药已被证明可以:
MOTS-c 通过 TGF-β/Smad 通路在骨代谢中发挥双重作用:
在生命晚期给予 MOTS-c(从小鼠 23.5 个月大时开始)使中位寿命增加了 6.4%,最大寿命增加了 7%,这证明了其作为一种真正的抗衰老干预措施的潜力,而不仅仅是一种代谢调节剂 [11][7:2]。

虽然 MOTS-c 在长寿领域被广泛讨论,但其临床开发过程十分复杂:
MOTS-c 通过一种独特的“逆行信号传导”(Retrograde Signaling)机制发挥作用,从线粒体移动到细胞核,以重写细胞的代谢程序。

在代谢应激(例如葡萄糖限制)下,MOTS-c 会从线粒体易位到细胞核中。这是一个依赖于 AMPK(AMPK-dependent)的过程,它允许线粒体“告诉”细胞核切换状态 [cite: 1, 4, 14]。
一旦进入细胞核,MOTS-c 就会靶向叶酸循环(Folate Cycle):
MOTS-c 与 SIRT1 协同作用。它增加细胞内 NAD+ 水平,为 sirtuins 提供“燃料”以使 PGC-1α 等靶标脱乙酰化,从而驱动线粒体生物发生(mitochondrial biogenesis,即新线粒体的产生)[18:1][21]。
在患有 NAFLD 的肥胖受试者中进行的 1b 期试验 (NCT03998514) 提供了首个人体概念验证:
| 结果 | 确定性 (GRADE) | 人体数据 | 动物数据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 胰岛素敏感性 | 高 | 中等(类似物) | 强 |
| 肝脏脂肪减少 | 中等 | 中等(类似物) | 强 |
| 体能表现 | 中等 | 观察性 | 强 |
| 寿命延长 | 低 | 不适用 | 中等 |
美国 (FDA)
世界反兴奋剂机构 (WADA)
MOTS-c 经常被拿来与 Humanin(首个被发现的线粒体衍生肽)进行比较。虽然两者都是“线粒体因子(mitokines)”,但它们的作用截然不同:
| 特征 | MOTS-c | Humanin | SHLP-2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 基因组来源 | 12S rRNA 区域 | 16S rRNA 区域 | 16S rRNA 区域 |
| 主要作用 | 代谢调节剂 | 细胞保护盾 | 代谢与神经 |
| 主要靶点 | 肌肉、肝脏、骨骼 | 大脑、心脏、眼睛 | 下丘脑、棕色脂肪 |
| 机制 | 核易位(AMPK) | 表面受体(抗凋亡) | CXCR7 受体 |
| 长寿特质 | “运动员” | “保镖” | “恒温器” |

MOTS-c 和 NAD+ 前体在 AMPK-SIRT1 轴上汇合。MOTS-c 启动应激信号(线粒体毒物兴奋效应,mitohormesis),而 NAD+ 为 sirtuin 酶执行适应性反应提供所需的底物 [25][21:1]。
MOTS-c 在运动期间会自然释放。外源性给药结合训练显示出比单纯运动对体能有更大的改善,因为它降低了适应的代谢阈值 [26][27]。
MOTS-c 是一种由 16 个氨基酸组成的肽,序列为:MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR。它具有两亲性,使其能够轻松穿过细胞膜。其核易位是由线粒体 ATP 产量下降触发的,这发出需要进行全身代谢重新校准的信号 [28][1:2]。
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